Tom, I think a new class of refractory should be created and included. Catalytic refractory. In my boilers, I use duraboard and cerablanket covered with expanded stainless. As gasses comingle, they burn in the fibers and radiate quite an amount of radiation back into the fuel pile. I believe this is the future of refractory. It is proven, and on the market today. It just isnt in the books yet. Skip www.sensiblesteam.com The Gasification List is sponsored by USDOE BioPower Program http://www.eren.doe.gov/biopower/ and PRM Energy Systems http://www.prmenergy.com Other Sponsors, Archives and Information http://www.crest.org/renewables/gasification-list-archive http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/gasref.shtml http://www.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/ http://www.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/carbon.shtml