TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................................

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................................

1. FIREWOOD SAVING.........................................................................................................................................................

2. BEFORE BACIP INTERVENTION...................................................................................................................................

3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BACIP BUCHARI'S....................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER ONE: LOW COST, USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS........................

Solution A: Low-Cost BACIP Clay-Soil Stove.........................................................................................................

Solution B: BACIP Stove with Interlocking Brick or Stone Sides.....................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER TWO: LESS SMOKE IN THE HOUSE..........................................................................

Solution C: BACIP Straight Metal Stove................................................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER THREE: LESS FIREWOOD USE....................................................................................

Solution D: BACIP Metal Stove Lined with Terracotta Tiles..............................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER FOUR: INCREASED DURABILITY..............................................................................

Steel Sheet Thickness...................................................................................................................................................

Increased Durability, Lower Cost..............................................................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER FIVE: WATER HEATING FACILITY...........................................................................

Solution E: BACIP Stove with Warm Water Facility.............................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER SIX: MAKING CHAPATTI'S........................................................................................

Solution F: BACIP Stove with Improved Chapatti Plate.....................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER SEVEN: OVEN AND BAKING.......................................................................................

Other Attachments – Temper and Ash Collection Tray.........................................................................................

USER CRITERIA NUMBER EIGHT: ROOF PASSAGE AND FERI-FERI.................................................................

Chimney Cleaning Brush............................................................................................................................................

Roof Passage..................................................................................................................................................................

Feri-Feri.........................................................................................................................................................................

4. BACIP WORKING METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................

5. ENTREPRENEUR DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................................................

ANNEXE I................................................................................................................................................................................

ANNEXE II...............................................................................................................................................................................

ANNEXE III.............................................................................................................................................................................

ADDRESSES..........................................................................................................................................................................

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. ceilings in traditional houses are pitch-black because of smoke and soot......

Figure 2. collection of old stoves........................................................................................................................

Figure 3. three-stone open hearth still used in many of the poorest households..............

Figure 4. firewood collection in october........................................................................................................

Figure 5. amount of firewood required to keep one room warm in the winter....................

Figure 6. traditional house design – 18' to 20' square with nine sectors....................................

Figure 7. roof-hatch window controls the air flow (reduces firewood)................................

Figure 8. eight levels of intervention to improve thermal insulation.......................................

Figure 9. firewood saved in one winter with the roof-hatch window.......................................

Figure 10. housing board buchari is in use by about 75% of the households...............................

Figure 11. picture of wooden mould......................................................................................................................

Figure 12. stove with body of compacted clay-soil and integrated chapatti top plate.

Figure 13. stove with interlocking bricks along the side.......................................................................

Figure 14. placement of the single stove top on a stone foundation...........................................

Figure 15. straight-looking (thicker metal) bacip stove on legs and with ash collection tray

Figure 16. temporary summer kitchen in the yard......................................................................................

Figure 17. well organised summer kitchen in a half shelter with a high buchari................

Figure 18. bacip-designed cooking buchari with removable terracotta tiles........................

Figure 19. placement of baffle in between the tiles (stove is upside down)................................

Figure 20. latest design of bacip stove................................................................................................................

Figure 21. heavy duty, square-shaped metal stove in chitral with side basket for heating bread

Figure 22. open chapatti fire and higher water pot...................................................................................

Figure 23. pipe attachment is fitted under the top sheet of the stove..........................................

Figure 24. stoves with warm water facility on testing at bacip office (80 and 200 litre barrels)

Figure 25. large round concave chapatti disk for making three taltopays............................

Figure 26. intermediate chapatti top solution with groove in middle.........................................

Figure 27. two chapatti plates, one long trapezium and one round (optional).....................

Figure 28. top-oven on the stove...............................................................................................................................

Figure 29. chimney with two bends under a roof-hatch window.....................................................

Figure 30. feri-feri avoids smoke blowing back into the chimney.....................................................

Figure 31. the family usually huddles around the warmth of the stove..................................

Figure 32. space between pot and stove-top allows smoke to escape into room...................

Figure 33. mini-model stoves for explaining the functions and differences.............................

Drawings by:

Sjoerd Nienhuys

Mubarak Ahmed

Noor-ud-Din

Hussain Ali

foreword

The Building and Construction Improvement Programme (BACIP), operating in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, is a project under the Aga Khan Planning and Building Services, Pakistan (AKPBSP). The programme is financed by PAKSID, a collaboration between the Canadian International Development Aid (CIDA) and the Aga Khan Development Network. The BACIP Programme Director is contracted through the Netherlands International Development Co-operation Programme (DGIS). BACIP works in co-operation with other Aga Khan Development Network Institutions (AKDNI) in the Northern Areas and Chitral, Pakistan. During 1999 and 2000 some 40 staff members, consisting of architects, engineers and social workers, have been involved in the BACIP programme activities. In addition, more than 200 village-based male and female resource persons assist on a voluntary basis in the implementation of the programme.

The present programme (to end-December 2000) consists of the development and introduction of house improvements (more than 40 different types) for traditional and new houses which are useful for villages in remote areas. Technology and skills development among local entrepreneurs has been initiated to enhance the delivery of the house improvements locally. Participatory cluster and village planning is a part of the process as well and community discussions have begun for determining appropriate housing locations to avoid building in geographically hazardous areas. Parallel to these mainstream activities, attention has been given to the design of new schools. As many of the technologies being applied in the new school designs can also be applied in houses, the demonstration effect would have a high impact on the youth and future house builders.

The present report gives an overview of the different types of stoves that have been developed by BACIP. The designs are improvements upon the existing stoves in terms of durability, cost, fuel efficiency and manufacturing techniques. The designs have been repeatedly modified to suit the needs and acceptability of the people.

The BACIP stove (buchari) has been developed on the basis of the AKPBSP (formerly the Aga Khan Housing Board) buchari which was introduced about seven years ago and more than 10,000 installed in the region. The new models have been fitted with various options, such as the top-oven, improved chimney, warm water facility and various chapatti plates for making bread.

The following people have been intensely involved in the development of the house improvement designs, and the testing and realisation of the prototype improvements:

- Mr. Qayum Ali Shah, Manager Field Operations of BACIP, in the manufacturing and development.

- Mr. Hussain Ali, BACIP intern, in making the first computer drawings for the manuals.

- Mr. Mubarak Ahmed, Technical Illustrator of BACIP, in illustrating the use of the units.

- Mr. Abbas Ali, Assistant Architect of BACIP, in making the first prototype models.

- Mr. Zia Ur Rehman, Assistant Engineer of BACIP, in the manufacturing of the stove and warm water facility designs.

- Mr. Iqbal Hussain, Assistant Engineer of BACIP, in guiding stove manufacturers and making manuals.

- Mr. Sher Bahadur, Mr. Nazeem Khan and Mr. Kumail Butt, stove makers in Gilgit, now having plenty of business in making stoves.

- Mr. Mohammad Yaqoob, plumber, in manufacturing the water heating system for stoves.

- All other BACIP support staff without whom the realisation would not have been possible.

- Staff from WWF who have been assisting in promoting some of the BACIP models to the villages.

Introduction

Most of the BACIP house improvements focus on thermal issues and earthquake engineering aspects. The thermal issues include: smoke control, ventilation, illumination, wall and roof insulation, leakage and dampness control. The improvement of the stoves is an important component of these activities as many of the villagers claimed this as top priority. BACIP required two years (winter seasons) to field-test several improvements and arrive at the current design.

Figure 1. ceilings in traditional houses are pitch-black because of smoke and soot

In the past, especially in the traditional houses of the mountain villages, an open three-stone hearth was commonly used for both heating and cooking purposes, with the accompanying smoke filling the room. Smoke and soot emitted by an open fire or a poor functioning stove are not only harmful to the occupant’s health, but blackens the ceiling of the room and makes all items in the house filthy.

Figure 2. collection of old stoves

Figure 3. three-stone open hearth still used in many of the poorest households

It has been estimated that about 10-20% of the villagers in the region still do not have a stove with a chimney or are not using their stove because it has rusted through. And yet another (undetermined) percentage of the villagers are using the available buchari as an open fire, thus allowing the smoke to fill the room.

Room Heating Requirements in the Winter

Generally, the higher the altitude of the village, the longer is the heating season (see table below). Other factors also influence the length of the heating season. For some villages nestled in valleys, the low position of the winter sun means that the sun does not rise above the surrounding high mountain peaks and no direct sunlight is received during the daytime. Night frost will therefore come earlier and the overall need for firewood will be higher than in villages receiving direct sunlight during the winter. Depending on the amount of wind and exposure of some villages, the wind-chill factor will also play a role in the heating requirements. In a number of villages in the higher Skardu region, it becomes so cold in the winter that people do not venture outside for several months.

The following table is an approximation. The (+) symbol indicates the weeks that the night temperature is above 0 degrees Celsius. The (-) symbol indicates night frost. The (=) symbol indicates severe cold at night. A minimum of four hours of daily sunshine has been considered for this table. Shaded valleys or fully shaded building sites have an additional winter month.

Village	Altitude	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May - Aug
Gilgit	5000 ft.	++++	++++	++ - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	++++	++++	++++
Ghizer	7000 ft.	++++	++++	+ - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- - - -	- +++	++++	++++
Skardu Karimabad Mastuj	7500 ft. 7800 ft.	++++	++++	- - - -	- - - -