² This work was partly supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Utility Technologies, under grant number DE-FG41- 95R110853. That support is hereby acknowledged with gratitude. The author would also like to thank the Union of Concerned Scientists, the Passive Solar Industries Council (PSIC), and the Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP), for additional support in the preparation of this work. Thanks must also go to the various reviewers of the several lengthy drafts of this manuscript, with particular gratitude to Helen English (Executive Director, PSIC), Dr. Ren Anderson (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Dr. Fred Morse (Morse Associates, Inc.), and Dr. Adam Serchuk (REPP) for their continuous and time-consuming input to this work. This author wishes to further single out Joel Hochanadel for his detailed and helpful suggestions and editorial skill.
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³ PSIC, Overview — the Building of Related Programs in the Federal Sector (Washington, D.C., 1998).
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⁴ The “building sector” is generally narrowly defined to represent only the actual buildings in service in the United States. Energy use of the building sector is either expressed as site energy used or primary energy required to deliver energy services to all buildings presently in service. Table 1 shows the latter. Electricity consumption from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Building Technol-ogy, State and Community Programs, Core Data Book, April 30, 1997.
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⁵ Dr. Ren Anderson, Technology Manager, Building Energy Technology Program, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, private communication.
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⁶ Randolph Croxton, FAIA, Croxton Collaborative Architects PC, New York, N.Y., private communication.
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⁷ Core Data Book, op. Cit., note 4.
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⁸ David Malin Roodman and Nicholas Lenssen, A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns Are Transforming Construction, Worldwatch Paper 124 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, March 1995), pp. 2.
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⁹ Ibid.
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¹⁰ Core Data Book, op. cit. note 4.
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¹¹ Ibid.
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¹² Ibid.
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¹³ U.S. Department of Energy, “A Strategic Plan for the Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs,” Draft Plan, December 9, 1997.
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¹⁴ Many publications document this. See, for example, “Solar, Jobs and California’s Economic Recovery,” A Report of the Solarcal Council,” January 1983; Solar Industry Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1992, p. 17; Ed Wood and Jack Whittier, “Biofuels and Job Creation: Keeping Energy Expenditures Local Can Have Very Positive Economic Impacts,” Biologue, September/December 1992, p. 6. A com-prehensive argument is presented in E.B. Goodstein, “Jobs and the Environment — The Myth of a National Trade-Off,” a report to the Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC, 1994.
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¹⁵ Building energy use costs roughly $1–1.50 per square foot per year, while employee salaries are in the range of $100–150 per square foot of commercial space. A more precise national average for various building energy, repair and maintenance, and employee costs can be found in Joseph J. Romm, U.S. Department of Energy, and William D. Browning, Rocky Mountain Institute, Greening the Building and the Bottom Line: Increasing Productivity Through Energy-Efficient Design (RMI Publications, Rocky Mountain Institute, Drawer 248, Old Snowmass, CO 81654).
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¹⁶ These figures are from the early studies by the General Services Administration and IBM. They are reported with further discussion in Lee S. Windheim et al., “Case Study: Lockheed Building 157 — An Innovative Deep Daylighting Design for Reducing Energy Consumption,” Leo Daly Associates, San Francisco.
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¹⁷ The sources for these examples are notes 15 and 16, along with “Building For a Sustainable America, Case Studies,” Burke Miller, American Solar Energy Society, Boulder, CO, 1997.
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¹⁸ Core Data Book, Op. Cit., Note 4.
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¹⁹ Figure of 0.2% from Council on Competitiveness, 1992 estimate, noted in Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Low-Carbon Technologies, “Scenarios of U.S. Carbon Reductions,” U.S. DOE, Washington, D.C. 1997, p. 2.11; 0.39% from “R&D Scoreboard,” Business Week , June 28, 1993; 0.25% from Asian Wall Street Weekly Journal, August 12, 1991, p. 10.
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²⁰ Asian Wall Street Journal Weekly Journal, op. cit. note 19.
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²¹ President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Energy Research and Development Panel, “Federal Energy Research and Development for the Challenges of the 21st Century,” September 30, 1997, p. 13.
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²² Donald Watson, “Opportunities to Improve the Process of Innovation in the United States Building Industry,” a Report for the AIA/ ACSA Research Council, prepared under subcontract supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Grant “Energy Research Pro-gram for the Profession of Architecture” 1988–1989, p. 8.
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²³ Ibid., p. 9.
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²⁴ Donald Watson, ed., “Architectural and Building Research Needs and Opportunities in the 1990’s,” AIA/ACSA Council on Archi-tectural Research, 1735 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20006 (published in 1993), p. i.
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²⁵ The Energy Policy Act of 1991, Public Law 102-486, Sec. 305(a)(2).
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²⁶ Ibid., Part 6, Sec. 271(b)(4).
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²⁷ The Presidential Executive Order 12902, “Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities,” Part 3, Sec. 306, March 8, 1994, Federal Register 59, No. 47, March 10, 1994, pp. 11463–71.
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²⁸ PSIC, op. cit. note 3.
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²⁹ Description extracted from the IEA Tasks Web page, www.arch.vuw.a.c.nz/iea/research_tasks.html
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³⁰ Description extracted from the Buildings for the 21 st Century Web page, www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/bldg21c.html.
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³¹ Ibid.
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³² Joel R. Hochanadel, Overview of the Building Technologies Programs in the Federal Sector, Analytical Summary Edition, prepared for the Passive Solar Industries Council, Washington, DC, February 20, 1998.
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³³ Ibid., Compendium Edition, pp. 45-46.
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³⁴ Ibid., Analytical Summary Edition, pp. 17-18.
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³⁵ U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Renewing Our Energy Future, OTA-ETI-614 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995).
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