Research is needed to demonstrate the technical, legal and contractual methods to substantiate energy resources used in electricity sold, both for disclosure and certification. A few case studies would be helpful. In-depth study of other industry certification processes-such as those for certified or rated forest products, vineyards, wildlife habitat management and consumer products-also would extract lessons applicable to electricity sales. Note that although a new, dedicated certification organization is recommended, existing organizations with experience in environmental certification, rating or verification should be invited to make presentations to certification working groups. Certification advocates should learn more about these organizations and their perceptions of green power issues before proceeding too far. Finally, several states appear poised to develop certification experiments simultaneous with regional and national organizing efforts. Indeed, California legislation has created a de facto certification category defined by a minimum of 50 percent of renewable energy in an electricity supplier's portfolio. State and regional experiences and activities should be shared, if not coordinated.

Disclosure of basic information about retail power products and certification of environmentally-preferred resources and technologies will increase the efficiency of retail electricity markets and protect against green scams and green washing. Both measures are needed to reduce consumer confusion in a complex and unfamiliar market.

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