² Electric Power Research Institute and U.S. Department of Energy, "Overview of Photovoltaic Technology," Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations, EPRI TR-109496 (Palo Alto, CA: EPRI, 1997), p. 4-2. Progress ratios express the percent of cost remaining after each cumulative doubling in production volume.
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³ President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Federal Energy Research and Development for the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century (November 1997), p. 6-15.
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⁴ EPRI and U.S. DOE, "Residential Photovoltaics," p. 4-8. The baseline (i.e., 1997) figures reflect costs reported for the Sacramento Public Utilities District's "PV Pioneer" program, which serves scattered households. The report notes that it would cost substantially less to provide PV service to clusters of houses.
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⁵ U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Renewing Our Energy Future, OTA-ETI-614 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 168.
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⁶ "Price for Turnkey Rooftop PV System to Continue to Fall to <$2.60/Wp: SMUD," The Solar Letter 8 (10 April 1998), p. 144.
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⁷ EPRI and U.S. DOE, "Residential Photovoltaics," p. 4-6.
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⁸ Michael Tennis, Alan Nogee, Paul Jefferiss and Ben Paulos, Renewing Our Neighborhoods: Opportunities for Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies in the Boston Edison Service Area (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 1995).
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⁹ See, for example, PCAST, Federal Energy R&D, figure 7.5 and page 7-14.
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¹⁰ See, for example, Curtis Moore, Dying Needlessly: Sickness and Death Due to Energy-Related Air Pollution (College Park, MD: Renewable Energy Policy Project, 1997).
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¹¹ For background, see Irving Mintzer, Alan Miller and Adam Serchuk, The Environmental Imperative: A Driving Force in the Development and Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies (College Park, MD: Renewable Energy Policy Project, 1996).
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¹² IPCC Working Group I, "1995 Summary for Policy Makers," Geneva (1995). See http://www.unep.ch/ipcc/ipcc-0.html.
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¹³ "EERE Office Has Done Well, But Can Do Better; Opportunities Seen: Reicher," The Solar Letter 7 (21 November 1997), p. 443.
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¹⁴ Solar Energy Industries Association, "Million Solar Roofs Implementation Plan," http://www/seia.org/milroofs/msr.htm, accessed 12 December 1997.
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¹⁵ Robert Williams, "Proposed Grand Bargain for Commercializing Renewable Electric Technologies in China," Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University, unpublished manuscript (27 February 1998).
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¹⁶ California Energy Commission, "Emerging Renewables Buydown Program Overview," http://www.energy.ca.gov/greengrid/index.html, accessed 20 March 1998. The Emerging Renewable Resources Account will fund purchase of grid-connected fuel cells, small wind turbines and photovoltaic systems through 31 March 2001.
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¹⁷ Telephone interview by Adam Serchuk of Vince Schwent, California Energy Commission (13 March 1998).
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¹⁸ Interview by Adam Serchuk and Virinder Singh of Ken Locklin, Energy Investors Fund (5 February 1998).
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¹⁹ See, e.g., Molly O'Meara, "Solar Cell Shipments Keep Rising" in Lester Brown et al. (eds.), Vital Signs 1997 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 197), p. 54; and Paul Maycock, "Boomer's Corner," PV News 17 (February 1998), p. 1. Maycock admonishes that "while the subsidized market is valuable for the PV industry, [I am] concerned that the new capacity must have lower manufacturing costs so that when the subsidies decrease, manufactured output is fully economic for grid-connected applications."
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²⁰ "Siemens Warns of Premature Celebration," The Solar Letter (21 November 1997), p. 446.
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²¹ Taylor Moore, "Powering the Pipeline," The EPRI Journal 22 (July/August 1997), pp. 26-32.
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²² See, generally, Rural Energy Development: Improving Energy Supplies for Two Billion People (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1996).
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²³ Anil Cabraal, Mac Cosgrove-Davies and Loretta Schaeffer, "Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Electrification Programs: Lessons form Experience on Selected Countries," World Bank Technical Paper #324.
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²⁴ Richard Acker and Daniel Kammen, "The Quiet (Energy) Revolution: Analyzing the Dissemination of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Kenya," Princeton University Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Report No. 287 (December 1944).
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²⁵ Williams, "Proposed Grand Bargain," p. 8. Williams notes that "rural stand-alone markets are relatively modest in size and difficult to access and thus are not especially favorable theaters for establishing large installed generating capacities quickly, as is illustrated by the example of PV technology for rural applications."
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